PaliGemma 1 model card

Model page: PaliGemma

Resources and technical documentation:

• PaliGemma on Kaggle
• Responsible Generative AI Toolkit

Terms of Use: Terms

Authors: Google

Model information

Model summary

Description

PaliGemma is a versatile and lightweight vision-language model (VLM) inspired by PaLI-3 and based on open components such as the SigLIP vision model and the Gemma language model. It takes both image and text as input and generates text as output, supporting multiple languages. It is designed for class-leading fine-tune performance on a wide range of vision-language tasks such as image and short video caption, visual question answering, text reading, object detection and object segmentation.

Model architecture

PaliGemma is the composition of a Transformer decoder and a Vision Transformer image encoder, having a total of 3 billion params. The text decoder is initialized from Gemma-2B. The image encoder is initialized from SigLIP-So400m/14. PaliGemma is trained following the PaLI-3 recipes.

Inputs and outputs

• Input: Image and text string, such as a prompt to caption the image, or a question.
• Output: Generated text in response to the input, such as a caption of the image, an answer to a question, a list of object bounding box coordinates, or segmentation codewords.

Citation

@article{
    title={PaliGemma: A versatile 3B VLM for transfer},
    author={Lucas Beyer and Andreas Steiner and André Susano Pinto and Alexander Kolesnikov and Xiao Wang* and Daniel Salz and Maxim Neumann and Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin and Michael Tschannen and Emanuele Bugliarello and Thomas Unterthiner and Daniel Keysers and Skanda Koppula and Fangyu Liu and Adam Grycner and Alexey Gritsenko and Neil Houlsby and Manoj Kumar and Keran Rong and Julian Eisenschlos and Rishabh Kabra and Matthias Bauer and Matko Bošnjak and Xi Chen and Matthias Minderer and Paul Voigtlaender and Ioana Bica and Ivana Balazevic and Joan Puigcerver and Pinelopi Papalampidi and Olivier Henaff and Xi Xiong and Radu Soricut and Jeremiah Harmsen and Xiaohua Zhai},
    year={2024},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.07726}
}

Model data

Pre-train datasets

PaliGemma is pre-trained on the following mixture of datasets:

• WebLI: WebLI (Web Language Image) is a web-scale multilingual image-text dataset built from the public web. A wide range of WebLI splits are used to acquire versatile model capabilities, such as visual semantic understanding, object localization, visually-situated text understanding, multilinguality, etc.
• CC3M-35L: Curated English image-alt_text pairs from webpages (Sharma et al., 2018). We used the Google Cloud Translation API to translate into 34 additional languages.
• VQ²A-CC3M-35L/VQG-CC3M-35L: A subset of VQ2A-CC3M (Changpinyo et al., 2022a), translated into the same additional 34 languages as CC3M-35L, using the Google Cloud Translation API.
• OpenImages: Detection and object-aware questions and answers (Piergiovanni et al. 2022) generated by handcrafted rules on the OpenImages dataset.
• WIT: Images and texts collected from Wikipedia (Srinivasan et al., 2021).

Data responsibility filtering

The following filters are applied to WebLI, with the goal of training PaliGemma on clean data:

• Pornographic image filtering: This filter removes images deemed to be of pornographic nature.
• Text safety filtering: We identify and filter out images that are paired with unsafe text. Unsafe text is any text deemed to contain or be about child sexual abuse imagery (CSAI), pornography, vulgarities, or is otherwise offensive.
• Text toxicity filtering: We further use the Perspective API to identify and filter out images that are paired with text deemed insulting, obscene, hateful or otherwise toxic.
• Text personal information filtering: We filtered certain personal information and other sensitive data using the Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) APIto protect the privacy of individuals. Identifiers such as social security numbers and other sensitive information types were removed.
• Additional methods: Filtering based on content quality and safety in line with our policies and practices.

Implementation information

Hardware

PaliGemma was trained using the latest generation of Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) hardware (TPUv5e).

Software

Training was completed using JAX, Flax, TFDS and big_vision.

JAX allows researchers to take advantage of the latest generation of hardware, including TPUs, for faster and more efficient training of large models.

TFDS is used to access datasets and Flax is used for model architecture. The PaliGemma fine-tune code and inference code are released in the big_vision GitHub repository.

Evaluation information

Benchmark results

In order to verify the transferability of PaliGemma to a wide variety of academic tasks, we fine-tune the pretrained models on each task. Additionally we train the mix model with a mixture of the transfer tasks. We report results on different resolutions to provide an impression of which tasks benefit from increased resolution. Importantly, none of these tasks or datasets are part of the pretraining data mixture, and their images are explicitly removed from the web-scale pre-training data.

Single task (fine-tune on single task)