• Themes
  • Fleet + stations
    • Ships
      • Research Vessel and Icebreaker Polarstern
        • Chronicle
      • New Polarstern
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      • Uthörn
      • Aade
    • Stations
      • Neumayer Station III
        • Library in the Ice
      • AWIPEV Arctic Research Base
      • Kohnen Station
      • Marine Stations Helgoland and Sylt
        • User Advisory Board
        • Research Vessels and Scientific Diving
        • Measuring Systems and Data Flow
        • Long-term Observation
        • Guest Research and Education
          • Mesocosms
    • Aircraft
      • Polar 5 + 6
    • Cruise Planning
  • Science
    • Biosciences
      • Benthic Ecology
        • Our Team
        • News
        • Coral Reefs
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        • Bio-logging and satellite telemetrie (Antarctica)
        • Cyrobenthos (engl)
        • Molecular archives: Earth history and adaptations
        • Glass Sponges
          • SpongeScan
        • CRITTERBASE
        • Patagonian benthos
        • North Sea Benthos
          • ORCHESTRA
          • Benthos monitoring
          • Long-term series
        • Ecosystem Modelling
          • BEMO
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        • Biogeochemical fluxes
          • APOC
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          • SeaKey
      • Integrative Ecophysiology
        • News
        • Main Research Focus
          • Trophodynamics
          • Biophysics (NMR)
          • Molecular physiology
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          • Physiology of early life stages
        • Team
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        • Research foci
        • Team
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        • Publications
        • Projects
      • Sustainable Marine Bioeconomy
        • Aquaculture research
        • Bionic Lightweight Design
        • Marine Algal Ecology and Applications
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        • Team
        • 100 years of Wadden Sea Station
        • Wadden Sea Station
      • Shelf Sea System Ecology
        • Working Groups
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          • Long-term observations (LTO)
          • Marine Aquaculture
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          • Food Web
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        • Team
        • Teaching and Education
        • AWI Marine Station Helgoland
      • Ecological Chemistry
        • Research topics
          • Biological carbon pump
          • Species interactions
          • Chemical ecology
        • Labs & Competences
          • Antarctic phytoplankton ecology & biogeochemistry
          • Marine Chemistry
          • Biological effects of marine organisms
          • Eco-Evolutionary Genomics
          • Secondary Metabolites
        • Junior Research Group
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        • Projects
        • Expeditions
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      • Polar Biological Oceanography
        • Projects and Young Investigator Groups
          • BICLOPS Biological Clocks in Pelagic Systems
          • INDIFUN-AI
        • Main Research Focus
          • BICLOPS - Biological clocks in pelagic Systems
          • Marine Chronobiology
          • Hustedt Diatom Study Centre
          • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
          • Ecophysiology of pelagic key species
          • Arctic Zooplankton
          • Molecular Biodiversity of Eukaryotic Microbes
          • Arctic plankton ecology and related sedimentary flux
        • Team
        • Teaching&Outreach
      • Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology
        • Team
        • Research
          • Food for the deep sea
          • Microbial communities in the deep sea
          • Higher life at the deep seafloor
          • Experimental work at the deep seafloor
        • Projects / Cooperations
          • EU-Projekte
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        • Technology
          • Biogeochemical Sensors
          • Pressure tank
          • Foto/Video Systems
          • Flying Drones
          • Free-falling Systems
          • Mobile pelagic Systems
          • Autonomous Underwater Vehicle SARI
          • Mobile benthic Systems
          • Autonomous Crawler NOMAD
          • Sediment Samplers
          • Moorings
          • Water Sampler
        • Observatories
          • LTER Observatory HAUSGARTEN
          • FRAM Ocean Observing System
        • Publications
        • Data
    • Geosciences
      • Geophysics
        • Research Focus
          • Formation of the Arctic Basin
          • North Atlantic Deepwater and its precursors
          • Gateways of the Southern Ocean
          • Transition from Cretaceous Greenhouse to Tertiary Icehouse
          • Development and dynamics of ice sheets
          • Large Igneous Provinces
          • Oceanic microseisms
          • Bathymetric compilations
          • Observatories, long-term measurements
        • Team
        • Methods and Tools
          • Bathymetry
          • Multibeam
          • High-resolution seismics
          • Sediment echosounder
          • Reflection seismology
          • Streamer
          • Refraction seismology
          • Seismic Sources
          • Passive Seismology
          • Ocean-bottom seismometer
          • _
          • Seismic land stations
          • Gravity Surveying
          • Gravimeters
          • Magnetic surveying
          • Magnetometers
          • Physical properties
          • MSCL
        • Expeditions
      • Glaciology
        • Main Research Focus
          • Field Glaciology
          • Mass balance studies
          • Ice Sheet Modelling
          • Remote sensing
        • Tools
          • IceCT
          • Ice core laboratories
          • Fabric Analyser
          • Remote Sensing
          • Microstructure Mapping
          • Numerical Modelling
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          • Seismics
          • Stable Isotope Facility
        • Education and Teaching
        • Team
          • Alumni
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        • Awards
        • Outreach
      • Permafrost Research
        • Research Focus
          • Permafrost Modelling
          • Permafrost Coasts
          • Energy and Waterfluxes
          • Permafrost Remote Sensing
          • Permafrost Biogeochemistry
          • Submarine Permafrost
          • Permafrost Archives
          • Permafrost Outreach
        • Team
        • Teaching and Education
        • Labs
        • Projects
          • ILLUQ
          • ThinIce
          • MOMENT
          • FLO CHAR
          • HEIBRiDS
          • Common Grounds – Permafrost Sonification
          • Permafrost Thaw
          • Yedoma Permafrost Landscapes
          • UndercoverEisAgenten
          • CACOON
          • MOSES
          • Nunataryuk
          • ACD
          • GTN-P
          • Lake E
        • Conferences
          • DACH Permafrost Conference
          • ICOP 2016
          • EUCOP II 2005
          • ICRSS
          • International Symposium 20 Years of Lena Expeditions
      • Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems
        • Earth System Complexity
        • Past Climate Change
        • High-latitude Vegetation Change
          • Pouplation Genetics
          • Model development
          • Remote Sensing Methods
          • Vegetation Surveys
          • Longterm timeseries
        • High-latitude Biodiversity
        • Earth System Diagnostics
          • Team
          • Projects [en]
          • Newest Research Highlights
          • Past Highlights
          • Publications
        • Research Foci
        • Staff
        • Labs and Methods
          • Palaeogenetics Lab
          • Stable Isotopes Lab
          • Micropaleontology Lab
        • Teaching and Education
        • Projects
      • Marine Geochemistry
        • Overarching themes
        • Research themes
          • Particle fluxes
          • Climate relevant gases
          • Solute fluxes
          • Biogeochemical processes
          • Age and origin of sedimentary components
          • Validation and application of paleoenvironmental proxies
          • Development of in situ sampling and analytical equipment
          • Early diagenetic overprint
        • Team
        • Teaching & Education
        • Projects
        • MICADAS
          • Technology
          • Sample processing
        • Tools
          • Equipment
          • Sampling equipment
          • Methods
          • Expeditions
      • Marine Geology
        • Highlights
        • Main Research Focus
        • Team
        • Tools
        • Isotope Facility Bremerhaven
        • Projects
        • Teaching & Education
    • Climate Sciences
      • Climate Dynamics
        • Publications
        • Research
        • Projects
        • Education
        • Knowledge Transfer
        • Team
      • Paleoclimate Dynamics
        • Research Focus
        • Tools
        • Projects
        • Publications
        • Teaching&Outreach
        • Team
        • Heinrich Award
        • Behind the Science
      • Atmospheric Physics
        • Research Foci
          • CIimate Modelling
          • Polar Meteorology
          • Aerosols & Clouds
          • Atmospheric Chemistry
        • Team
        • Junior Group
        • Projects
          • @AWIPEV
          • CHARTER
          • (AC)3
          • CliC Arctic CORDEX
          • CRiceS
          • MOSAiC
          • PolarRes
          • QUARCCS
          • POLEX
          • StratoClim
          • SynopSys
          • REKLIM
        • Publications
      • Physical Oceanography
        • Main Research Topics
          • Circulation in the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas
          • Southern Ocean - Overturning Circulation
          • Ocean-Ice Shelf Interaction
          • Southern Ocean climate interactions (SO-Klim)
          • Ocean Acoustics Group - AWI OZA
          • Ocean Optics
        • Team
        • Projects
          • MOSAiC
          • MIDO
          • RACE
          • ARCGATE
          • FISP
          • GROCE
          • UDASH
          • FRAM
          • Phytooptics
        • Instruments and Methods
          • Moorings
          • Biooptical instruments
          • Satellite ocean color
          • CTD Instrument and Water Sampler
          • Floats
          • Ice-Tethered Profiler
          • Precision Salinometer System
          • Triaxus
        • Long-term Observations
          • Long-term observations in the Arctic Ocean
          • Long-Term Observations in the Southern Ocean
        • Teaching and Education
        • Publications
      • Sea Ice Physics
        • Main Research Foci
          • Sea Ice Thickness - Mass Balance
          • Engergy Budgets
          • Ice Ocean Dynamics
          • Snow on Sea Ice
          • Technology Development
          • Remote Sensing
          • Merged Analysis and Forecasting
          • Freshwater fluxes
          • Forecast of sea ice properties
        • Team
        • Tools
          • Aircraft based observations
          • Vessel based observations
          • Remote Sensing
          • Modell Simulations
          • Autonomous Platforms
          • Ice Stations
          • Earth System Models
          • Data Assimilation
        • Projects
          • CONTRASTS
          • Tara Polar Station
          • Arctic Passion
          • SIN'XS-Sea Ice thickness products INtercomparison eXerciSe
          • ArcSolution
          • S3MPC - Sentinel-3 Altimetry Mission Performance Cluster
          • IceBird
          • AFIN: Antarctic Fast Ice Network
          • ESA Climate Change Initiative
          • MOSAiC
          • Arctic Amplification
    • Junior Groups
      • COLDSPOT
      • Artemics
      • SO-ASE
      • SO-Clim
        • SOS-iClimate
        • VERTEXSO
      • SNOWflAke
      • A3m-transform
      • ARJEL
      • CLOC
      • BICLOPS
      • Double-Trouble
    • Special Groups
      • Scientific Computing
        • BremHLR
        • Data Assimilation
          • PDAF - Parallel Data Assimilation Framework
          • Data Assimilation Publications
        • High-Performance Computing and Data Processing
          • Tsunami
          • Computers/Hardware
          • DKRZ
      • Scientific Diving
        • News from the CSD
        • Online - Seminar on Marine Technology, Research and Experiences in Coastal waters” – MarTREC
        • Course Reports
        • Locations and Facilities
        • Who can Dive at the AWI?
        • Scientific Projects
        • Publications
        • MarGate
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        • Scientific Diver
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        • Project support (Guests & Partners)
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        • Contact
      • Bionic Lightweight Design
        • Fields of Research
          • Basic research
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        • Team
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          • AIDA
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          • KIKI
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          • Topics
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        • Marine Aquaculture
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          • Research
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      • Applied Macroalgae Research
      • REKLIM
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        • Main Focus
          • International Integration and Policy Guidance
          • Polar research for science and society
          • Infrastructure, Facilities and Data
          • Interaction with stakeholders
        • Partner
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        • Research topics
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        • Team
    • Research program
    • Research infrastructure
      • Observatories
        • Ocean: FRAM
          • FRAM-Geraete en
        • Water: COSYNA
        • Air: Meteorology
        • On land: Geophysics
      • Laboratories and facilities
        • Stable Isotope Facility Bremerhaven
          • Stable Isotopes in Marine Geology
          • Laboratory work in glaciology
        • Ice Core Laboratories
        • Stable Isotope Facility
        • Nutrient Facility
        • Proxy Laboratory
        • NMR laboratory
        • C-14 lab
    • Research profiles
    • Long Term Observations
      • Atmosphere
        • Arctic (AWIPEV)
          • Surface Meteorology
          • Surface Radiation
          • Radiosondes
          • LIDAR
        • Antarctic (Neumayer)
          • Meteorology
          • Air Chemistry
        • Polarstern
          • Synoptic Observations
          • Upper Air Soundings
          • continuous
          • Ceilometer
        • Automatic Weather Stations
          • Søråsen
          • Filchner
          • Halvfarryggen
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      • Biology
        • North Sea
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    • Awards and honours
    • Good Scientific Practice
  • Transfer
    • Technology transfer
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    • Transfer storys
  • Work + Study
    • AWI as an employer
      • Reasons to join AWI
      • Work-life balance
      • Diversity and Anti-Discrimination
        • "OpenAWI" - Diversity-sensitive Recruiting
        • Diversity: Specific support at AWI
      • International Staff and Guests
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      • Graduate School POLMAR